Network effect, the characteristics of Office suite market
Microsoft Business Division, the section produces the Office Suite of productivity software, including Word, Excel, Powerpoint, SharePoint, Exchange, and Lync, showed that the revenue was $22.2 billion, and operating income was $14.1 billion in 2011, which were up 16% and 23%, respectively, from 2010.
It's market dominance looks like invincible now. What makes this monopoly and huge profit possible for such a long time?
In 2010, Gartner delivered an intriguing report "Cost Model for Upgrading Microsoft Office or Moving to OpenOffice.org"
As we can imagine, Michael's research showed that moving an Office 2003 user to an open-source office product may cost less than moving them to Office 2007 with a suspicion that, however, ongoing compatibility costs could make the open-source product more expensive in the long run.
As Micheal focused on developing quantitative cost model based on users' usage pattern in his research, he didn't address so much that how significant the compatibility costs are. Whereas John F. McGowan articulated that point from his paper in 1999.
"Even if a competing network exists, there is substantial cost and practical obstacles to converting to the competing network of products and associated standards." - Standard Based Monopolies and Near Monopolies : The WinTel Example
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Depiction of Clayton Christensen's disruptive innovation |
As many challengers in the market have been strongly enticed by price differentiation and low-end disruption and as this approach might have seemed to be supported by Christensen’s disruptive innovation theory, they were more likely to overlook an intrinsic characteristics of the market.
How much does it cost for uncertainty and imperfection on communication?
Trying to perceive Microsoft Office as a communication network not as an application can reveal the underlying mechanism of the market more obviously.
Even though I couldn't find any quantitative analysis or case study for the cost to build a competing network against dominant primary network or the cost to cut into existing network with uncertainty and imperfection as a part of network. However, you may notice that this networking is very similar with the things happened in telephone industry and many researches on AT&T case are enough to give some insight on the mechanism of this monopolized communication network. Here is one of the researches.
"As did AT&T, the network with the highest quality and largest number of users would continue to grow and become more valuable to the consumer and smaller companies would not be able to offer the same benefits – in fact by drawing customers away from the primary network they may lessen its value." - excerpted from "AT&T: A Natural Monopoly Worth Preserving or Destroying?"
What happened in the market?
There are several companies like as ThinkFree, SoftMaker and Kingsoft. They aimed at low-end disruption with aggressive low price. Interestingly, they have reached considerable level of quality on visual fidelity, compatibility on the file format and copied UI. Nonetheless, any of them couldn’t gain significant presence in the desktop market so far. Some of them grasped opportunities in mobile market. However, it is still hard to find any strong evidence that the performance is not transitory by absence of MSO on that platform.
In a certain sense, Office files can be perceived as very complex and sophisticated protocol on a network. Although the specification of the file format was opened and governed by open standard committees. But Microsoft still has greater advantage not just by leading open standard but by having taken sophisticated networking in place. And the network is forced to run to accept majority as standard in every ambiguity on convention. Inevitably, the nature of mission-criticalness yields up crucial uncertainty and imperfection to contenders. That is where contenders can't cope with.
On the other hand, as Openoffice.org tried to develop a competing network based on new open standard (ODF), they targeted non-consumption market ostensibly and/or actually and had gained some meaningful traction in public sector. However, they had not made so much progress for a long time as well.
Although LibreOffice and OpenOffice.org are gaining new momentum recently, it is the fact that OOo was not so successful to deliver any significant value over MSO. Whereas loss of the value from being away from existing network seems not to be compensated with the benefit from even imputed cost-free. And while the longevity to existing network seems much substantial, establishing new standard is extremely expensive.
Of course, the monopoly network is reinforced as well by other factors like as huge monopoly profit, which yields price control power and investment on superior quality, and long-established partner/re-distributor delivery structure. They also invalidated the pre-existing low-cost strategy significantly. Anyway, the bottom line is that low cost can be necessary for any contender but it is not sufficient at all. And one of keys to be able to compete against monopoly network may be to find out something to pay for the costs from uncertainties and imperfection on the networking.
A Question
Now, we can throw a question.
"If there is any way to build a competing network without imposing costs on users from being away from existing network, or any way to give them substantial value that can justify that cost and essentially if the value is what MS cannot catch up with easily, so maybe does a chance exist at there?"
This first post will be followed by the below posts. And we may see the names of the companies above and other emerging companies' names from various perspectives in the following posts again.
- Part one: Network effect, the characteristics of Office suite market
- Part two: Another standard, user experience
- Part three: As a matter of fact, Microsoft is a franchise company
- Part four: Growing opportunities and new battle of ideas
*I have been making a careful observation and investigation on Office market and it's technology for several years. What I found is this market is really unique and fascinating and on top of that it's the beginning of new battle on ideas I think.